President William Ruto has defended the democratic mandate of elected governments while stressing that the authority won at the ballot box must be exercised within the limits of the Constitution.
Speaking during the 2026 Katiba Day Symposium, President Ruto said an electoral mandate gives an elected government the legitimacy and responsibility to implement the programme on which it was elected, but acknowledged that such authority must coexist with constitutional checks, judicial independence and the protection of fundamental rights.
“Political parties present manifestos to the people, citizens consider competing visions and elect a government; that mandate carries democratic legitimacy and imposes a responsibility on leaders to keep their word and deliver on their promise,” he stated.
He further posed a broader constitutional question, how much space should an elected government have to implement the programme on which it campaigned, particularly when its policies are challenged in court?
“When a court finds that a policy violates a constitution, how should the executive and parliament respond promptly and constructively?” he asked.
Ruto noted that the question should not be interpreted as an attack on any institution, maintaining that judicial independence remains essential to Kenya’s constitutional order.
“These questions do not constitute any attack on any institution or infringement of any institution. Judicial independence is non-negotiable. Courts must remain free to interpret the constitution, protect rights and invalidate unlawful actions,” he said.
He, however, argued that the constitutional authority of elected institutions must also be respected where government policy falls within the law.
“Where a government acts unlawfully, it must obey the courts and correct its course; where lawful policy choices fall within the constitutional authority of elected institutions, that democratic space must also be respected,” he said.
The president’s remarks come against the backdrop of Kenya’s recent experience with mass protests, particularly the demonstrations that began in 2024, which brought questions of government accountability, citizens’ rights and the limits of state power to the centre of national debate.
“During the protest of 2024 and those that followed, young Kenyans and other citizens excised their constitutional freedom to speak, assemble, demonstate, picket and petition public authorities, their message was clear, they wanted to be heard, they demanded greater accountability, better government and a meaning place in shaping the future of their nation,” he said.
Ruto acknowledged the pain arising from the events, including allegations of human rights violations, and called for credible claims to be independently investigated.
“I recognize the pain that remains from the events of that period, some families lost loved ones, serious allegation were made concerning unlawfull arrests enforced disappearance and excessive use of lethal force,” he acknowledged.
“Every credible allegation of human rights violation must be investigated independently, thoroughly and transparently. Where wrongdoing is established, those responsible must held accountable in accordance with the law,” he added.
At the same time, Ruto distinguished between constitutionally protected protest and criminal conduct committed during demonstrations.
“The constitution protects peaceful and unarmed assembly. It does not protect arson, looting, lawlessness, violence, intimidation, attacks on citizens, or destruction of public and private property,” he said.
He said the distinction was necessary to protect both citizens’ constitutional freedoms and the rule of law.
“We must therefore distinguish carefully between a citizen exercising a constitutional right and an individual committing a criminal offence, we must neither criminalise protest because of the action of a few nor legitimize criminal conduct merely because it occurs in the course of a protest. Rights and responsibilities are not enemies,” he said.
